Music has the power to change lives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Music has the power to change lives - Essay ExampleMusic is about universe sensitive to sounds about listening to sounds youve never heard before. These simple sentences speak volumes in terms of a philosophical background for modern music curricula. For being sensitive to sounds read being sensitive to what someone somewhere else in the world is saying through musical sound (Hurworth, 2003). Music surrounds our lives, we hear it on the radio, on television, from our car and home stereos. We come across it in the mellifluous tunes of a classical concert or in the devotional strains of a bhajan, the espousals band, or the reaper in the fields breaking into song to express the joy of life. Even warbling in the bathroom gives us a happy gravel to the day. Since time immemorial, music has infused a spark of the Divine in human beings. Stating the esoteric nature of music, Sufi saint and musician Hazrat Inayat Khan said The true(a) harmony of music comes from the harmony of the soul . That music alone can be called real which comes from the harmony of the soul, its true source, and when it comes from there, it must appeal to all souls (Sokhal, 1998). Many bespeak that music is not a natural kind. Indeed, following a conventional dictionary definition of music - The art of combining sounds of voices or instruments to achieve cup of tea of form and expression of emotion - it would be difficult to do so.

Corporate Social Responsibility Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Corporate Social Responsibility Report - Essay ExampleThe effectiveness of the classical ideal of self-regulation is of particular concern in this paper.The Classical Model of corporate responsibility argues that general interests of society can be met by different organizations, each of which plays a distinct role in the system (Okpara, & Idowu, 2013). The basic role of corporate bodies should, therefore, revolve around economic issues rather than social development. Rahim and Alam (2014) noted that the primary heading of the business entity should be to make the highest amount of profit, which practically propels executives to act in the best interest of their company shareholders, provided their actions are within the law.The basis of this concept is methodological individualism (Crane, & Matten, 2010). The belief implies that the entity is the most important asset in the system. Habisch (2005) noted that such parties pursue ways in which they can best meet their feature intere sts and act logically to increase self-satisfaction. The classical theory requires that if a corporate body X has $10, 000 and it is badly in need of raw materials that would cost half(a) the money to make a product for a period of one month, it would exchange $5,000 for the material. This implies that there are no grounds for the company to spend the wide money on the raw materials when half of the amount would meet the current demand. Such strategy makes the company and its shareholders happy, considering that they would easily access the remainder of the money and reach from the profits made through the reasoned expenditure.According to Blowfield and Murray (2014), the invisible hand of parties working together in an environment where each party stands to gain inversely satisfying exchanges creates the platform for the most sustainable economic system. As such, the classical theory requires that a corporate body that is keen on fulfilling its utilitarian institutional obligat ions to society

Exploration Notes- as Level Drama and Theatre Studies Essay Example for Free

Exploration Notes- as Level Drama and Theatre Studies Essay1) discuss and compare the exploration of characterisation in Metamorphosis by Steven Berkoff and (A hisss House). Draw your deliver practical under(a)standing of the skills apply including use of linguistic process and voice to portray character.In our practical sessions of Modelling Gregor in Metamorphosis, we thought to the highest degree how we would physically see Gregor. To do this, we had to exclusively create the determine of Gregor with our bodies. We all started off thinking about it really literally- How would a mallet look? rather than thinking about how our body founded Gregor and his feelings towards society. We so(prenominal) spread out on our thoughts about Gregor and then tried to empathise with him and think about how we would look if we were in his detail.My finished individual beetle was crouched/curled up on the floor on my side with my head d confess, hidden away- this represented Greg ors vulnerability (a beetle on his clog up is help little and can non move, yet a beetle has a hard shell which protects him I was half and half because with my head d profess, I didnt want to be seen by society and I was sheepish of what I had become however with my front/underside slightly presentationing, I was exposed to society and helpless but because you could see my back/shell, I was half protected by family- I think that throughout the show this would change and I would end up completely on my back because the family does end up abandoning/killing Gregor) , 1 of my arms was in a jerky/ ungainly position and the other was outstretched away from my body- the jerky arm represented Gregor changing and being abnormal and different, the outstretched arm however showed that I was reaching for someone to help and save me from what I was turning into my legs were limp, lifeless and in an awkward shape to show that I was, again, turning into something new and weird but could n ot move and physically get away from it.After we made our individual beetle, we then worked in partners and modelled them into Gregor. I decided to use hold for this (I use a chair). Hana (my model Gregor) stop up being positioned on her side, with her head under the chair and one of her arms reaching out onto it, her legs were crooked and awkward to show that she couldnt move from her pain. After that, we raced our beetles Hana lost.. but this showed that Gregor was in a bang-up position because he ready it difficult to manoeuvre himself and get away from what was happening to him- his movement was limited and awkward when he did so.Hana then modelled me, she had me stood up with my legs wide of the mark open (showing vulnerability) and one of my legs turned in and that knee bent (which looked awkward, abnormal and hard to move), my head was dropped and my stomach was contracted in. She placed my arms out to the sides in awkward positions, which was quite physically demanding as I was holding the position. We then used these positions for a scene of Metamorphosis. The dream scene we incorporated our ideas of how Gregor matt-up and go into this scene. We decided to have a narrator and an actor onstage being Gregor. I tried to capture the essence of Gregors franticness yet vulnerability in the way I directed Hana as Gregor. I did this by changing the speed and dynamics of how she was moving this matched the way I was narrating as I as hearty as changed the tempo, dynamics and pitch of my voice to really capture how Gregors character felt.To create the family we thought about the physical features of a beetle and applied them to the metaphors of the family. We cease up putting Mr Samsa in the middle, seeing as he is the heart of the family we then had Gregor again in the middle with his arms over Mr Samsa almost aspect that he is protecting him and the family with his income but he is still exposed to society and therefore vulnerable. We had Mrs Samsa knelt in front of Gregor and Mr Samsa looking straight forward with a pinhead expression almost as if she hasnt got much to say about the situation and is just disregarding Gregor. Greta was at the really front of the beetle as the antenna, looking out for Gregor and being his sense of feeling. The legs of Gregor were made up of society, but reaching out and away from the beetle and from Gregor.We also (as a practical exercise) held transfer as a whole group and twisted ourselves into a character from the play each this ended up looking abnormal, as the familys situation is and a down of it also looked quite painful but we were as one as a unit, as the family is.In order to characterise Nora in a Dolls House, we used the techniques of Stanislavski because A Dolls House is a much more naturalistic play compared to Metamorphosis. We started with a emphasis exercise in which we lay down on the floor and concentrated only on our breathing and our body contact with the floor. We then got thought about some key words to describe Noras character and tried to focus on each of them individually, letting each emotion overwhelm our bodies. We then were counted down to stand up and walk around the room as Nora, showing her feelings through non- verbal communication. We also created some tableaux of the family in a dolls house. For this we used ocular, aural and spatial techniques.2) Discuss and compare the Visual, Aural and Spatial elements and the use of non-verbal communication techniques to present issues and ideas in both plays studied. Make reference to your practical work.Visual, aural and spatial elements either have an iconic or symbolic reference. Iconic is always visual, for example a prop it is iconic because it is what it is and only serves its primary proceed (e.g. a stool is a stool and is used for sitting on etc.) However a symbolic reference is something that represents something and has a metaphor behind it (e.g. a chair could be symbolic for a particular person).Metamorphosis is an extremely abstract play and the visual, aural and spatial techniques used are very important. The play is commonly set with Gregor at the back on a platform above everyone else, tardily becoming more and more ill-shapen. This is a very visual thing and represents the clippings changing and matters are slowly getting worse and worse for the family. The fact he is higher(prenominal) up than everyone else as well could also symbolise the fact he is hanging over everyones head and is a burden on the family. His height could also represent his military position and the fact he is the cause for everything happening on stage and when he changes, everything else does as well. Another common way of positioning Gregor is to have scaffolding angle up to the back of the stage like thisThis gives perspective it also makes Gregor look further away but because of the angle, you are drawn in, giving a stronger frantic impact on you as an audience member.T he scaffolding itself makes the whole aesthetic of the performance seem more skeletal which Gregor is also slowly becoming. It is also, obviously, very integrated which contradicts how the familys situation is in the play.In the script it says that every prop is mimed other than 3 black stools places equidistantly of each other for the family to use. I think these proxemics show how the family are as a unit and detached from Gregor.In order to explore and interpret this, we created a series of 10 tableaux. In these 10 tableaux, we used visual, aural and spatial elements to show the subtext of the plot- we mainly focussed on the family and how Gregors change affected the family. We used a ladder laid down on its side for scaffolding in which Gregor spent a lot of the time in various awkward ways, becoming more and more deformed and pin down as the tableaux progressed. We thought we should only use the organic sounds from our movement and the ladder for our performance to represent t he tension and how awkward the situation/plot/subtext was. In the changeover of each tableau, we decided to move a chair gradually towards the back of the stage to represent Gregor slowly distancing from his family. One element of these tableaux I was quite chivalrous of was the proxemics of each member of the family compared to Gregor and the ladder/scaffolding.This is said ladder as you can see, there is a divide across it. We used this as a barrier stopping the family from getting to Gregor apart from in one tableau where we broke this barrier and Greta reached out to Gregor through the partition.Gregor was slowly becoming more and more deformed into the corner during the tableaux.Greta reaching over through the barrier to Gregor.Mrs Samsa reaching over to Greta trying to stop her from breaking the barrier. Mr Samsa Back turned to Mrs Samsa and Greta (and obviously Gregor, wanting(p) no part of it) Gregor was slowly becoming more and more deformed into this corner during the tableaux.We also used visual, aural and spatial techniques when studying A Dolls House. unalike Metamorphosis being abstract, A Dolls House is much more realistic than Metamorphosis and therefore uses lots of props which are all in one way or another, symbolic of something and metaphorical. As a crystalise we discussed the characters and props and what they may metaphorically represent* Christmas Tree- The familys relationships falling apart simultaneously with the pine needles falling off the tree. It could also show that looks can be deceiving because of the fact that while this tree is looking beautiful, the family is deteriorating. * Door- granting immunity when Nora leaves. Trouble when she enters from the unknown outside world. * Dr Rank- Society hiding their decay.* Money- Power and all things bad and toxicantous. * Nanny- The calm, security and support of Nora and the children. * Skylark- Nora is just a pretty relation bird with no other scoop than looking beautiful. Al so the fact that a skylark cannot speak words, this is reflected in Nora she is not allowed an opinion or it is not heard. * Stove- The characters always go back to it (especially Nora), this could stand for support and forgiveness, the warmth of friendship and loyalty because it is always there. * Macaroons- Noras deceit.* Lamp- The light of truth. * The Dolls House- Nora is a kept woman, everyones play thingor so they assume. It is actually Nora who plays with and manipulates the characters around her. Again, looks can be deceiving.Another way we explored visual, aural and special elements in A Dolls House was when we studied the Tarantella scene. A tarantella is a traditional Italian folk trip the light fantastic. It gets its name from the venomous spider, the tarantula and it is speculate that when one gets bitten by this spider, the victims needed to engage in a frenzied dance in order to prevent death or disease, using very rhythmical music. Now, in context with A Dolls Ho use, I believe that the reason a Tarantella is danced by Nora is because she is trying to rid herself of the poison from Torvald, Krogstad and maybe even Dr Rank or she could be trying to rid herself from lies shes told as this is her poison. We re-enacted the tarantella scene with the proper script. We played with spatial awareness of characters, use of voice and visual effectuate.Noras movement gets gradually more and more frantic and her speech also more frantic and louder and high pitched. Torvald moves with purpose but in a much more organised and authoritative way compared to Nora he is always nourishing his eyes on her and making convinced(predicate) she does it ALL correctly. Mrs Linde comes in from side stage quite discretely, says her line to Nora then moves slowly and almost mysteriously to a chair in the LDF corner. Dr Rank, playing the piano, cannot keep his eyes off Nora but is fairly wary of Torvalds presence so near him. Nora used a shawl while she was dancing wh ich added to the visual effects and at the end of the dance she threw the shawl on the floor as if her freedom of dance had gone and the poison had come back.We then performed our own interpretive dance for the subtext of the tarantella and the whole play without any script work. We started with Torvald agreeling Nora, almost as a puppeteer- for this we used music box doll music. The music then ran into Kashmir by Bond which starts with quite a distorted wave of sound which we used to show Nora slowly changing and fighting back with Torvald. Throughout the dance, Nora got stronger and less poisoned- instead, the poison was transferring into the other characters.After Nora had kicked Torvald to the floor, Mrs Linde came in and started controlling him alongside Torvald after having liaised with Nora, she became poisoned and slowly deteriorated to the floor. Dr Rank then came into the picture, stepped over Torvald to get to Nora. They danced together until she pushed him away and tra nsferred the poison. Finally, Nora ended up sat down on the floor, looking around almost like a child who had just broken all of her toys. Aurally, there is one very poignant moment in A Dolls House where the door is slammed at the end by Nora. This gives the play a terminal point of closure where Nora has gone and has gone for good. Similarly in Metamorphosis, when the apple is thrown into Gregors back, this is a definitive sound of the end of the main plot.3) prize your understanding of the practitioners studied and their influences on Metamorphosis. Use your interpretation notes to aid this question making reference to the practitioners, playwright, and your own practical exploration.Leslie Steven Berkovitch, better known as Steven Berkoff, was born(p) on the 3rd August 1937 to Russian Jews. He came from a poor family and because of their descent he never fitted in as a child and found it hard to be a part of a group of friends. Growing up in the East End of London is a gritty , tough time for most people let alone someone of the likes of Berkoff. He was a badly behaved child and got kicked out of school a lot. You could argue he was the real East Ender until he then move to New York- he lived in a 1 turn inroom flat, shared with 3 other families (who were also outsiders in New York). Wherever he travelled, he could never fit in and never found anywhere to call home. He grew up to resent his family and moved back to London at age 13. As an outsider, a Russian Jew living in London, he wanted to be a gangster.He was in a stage of identity crisis where didnt know where to belong and after being so badly influenced and behaved, he ended up in a young offenders prison which obviously made him extremely angry After this, he changed his name to Berkoff because he didnt want to be seen as a Jew or associated with his roots. He brought a whole new movement to British playwriting in British society. These plays he wrote commented on equality and people- they wer e often based in the home. When he came out of prison, he decided to go over to Europe and learn the skill of tailoring like his father had done. During his stay, he was given the discussion Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka. When he read this, he could instantly make chargeions between himself and Gregor. After this, he went back to the East End and started writing plays.Unlike his fellow playwrights John Osbourne and Edward Bond, he believed drama should still be abstract. Berkoff was influenced by Greek theatre he was a Megalomaniac of theatre styles who loved over blowup and the use of masks to rid people of their identity. He loved the use of chorus (voices together) and poetic verse because it takes things out of context. I was inspired by Brecht and his political (borderline social) take on drama and the use of gestus and satire. He also like Artaud and his theatre of cruelty and the way he used the senses and sounds to put over metaphorical messages. He then travelled to Franc e and worked under Lecoq who was a mime artiste and physical theatre worker and trained with him until he decided to move back to London. When he got back to London, he built up his manifesto of theatre.TOTAL THEATRE. Total theatre Greek theatre (chorus, unison, exaggeration), theatre of cruelty (loud sounds, harsh, gritty images and metaphors) and epic theatre (Brecht- teaches a message, gestus, stereotypes, alienation). Berkoff moulded all these ideas together and created his characters as comic and caricatures. Using the whole of the body was very important to him as he was an extremely physical director, well exhibit with the character of Gregor in Metamorphosis. As a practitioner, Berkoff also wrote plays as well as acted and directed. He liked using lots of language and words (almost Shakespearian). He was extremely articulate and using beautiful language he talked about the gritty East End and reality of life. To put Berkoffs views into practice, we had to pretend to be in l ove with a chair. We exaggerated our love and feelings and the chair was like a metaphor for our lover.We then had to flip our mood and become angry with the chair it got us all to think how people would stereotypically act with someone you loved and then hated. We also had to pretend we were at a picnic on our own, slowly becoming more and more exaggerated with our eating and drinking, and gradually more grotesque. It really got us to focus into it and get into it, so when it was time to fake poor devil, I actually felt physically sick We also practiced slow motion. This was very physically demanding, like how Steven Berkoff would have directed. It was very important to control your movements but not forget that when you sped up the movements, they should look exactly the same as the slow ones.4) Evaluate your understanding of the practitioner studied and his influence on A Dolls House. Use your interpretation notes to aid this question making reference to the practitioners, playwr ight, and your own practical exploration.Henrik Ibsen was born in Norway in 1828 and died in 1906. He was from a well to do Merchant family, however his fathers fortunes took a significant turn for the worse and he ended up a moody, nasty man and turned to alcoholism which he then took out on his family. Ibsen subsequently, only wrote about money and marriage as this was influenced from his own life. His plays were seen as scandalous to many of his era because they were always touching on sensitive subjects like human rights. This then influenced many other playwrights and novelists such as George Bernard Shaw, Oscar Wilde, Arthur Miller and James Joyce. He is one of the founders of modernism in theatre. During his time, despite failing to achieve success as a playwright, he gained a lot of practical experience at the Norwegian theatre company.His play A Dolls House is a realistic drama that highlights the cultural conflicts of the nineteenth century. The play was very controversial when it was first published as it was sharply critical of 19th century marriage norms. Her ended up having to change the terminate of the original script because the leading actress didnt like the idea of having to act out abandoning her children. It also manifests Ibsens concerns for womens rights and human rights in general. This was widely considered as a landmark in the development of what would soon become a highly prevalent genre of theatre- REALISM. Realism was consequently realised. It wasnt however until the likes of Stanislavski came along that realism became so well known and loved.He wanted a sense of realism in his work and he wanted his actors to really connect with their character. In his eyes, the actors WERE the characters. He believed REAL ACTORS=REAL ACTING. We used Stanislavskis techniques to get into our roles when studying A Dolls House. We began with a focus exercise, lying on the floor and zoning out our thoughts. We then thought about our character and let their feelings overwhelm our own like Stanislavski would have got his actors to. We then connected with their emotions, felt how they felt and immediately after, acted out a short scene between Nora and Torvald. This helped us all enormously because got us to lose out inhibitions and focus only if on the story, situation and emotions of the characters.5) Discuss the Social, Historical, Cultural and Political content of the texts studied and compare the impact on an audience and on yourself as a school-age child of drama.In Metamorphosis, the social, historical and cultural background is made apparent in a number of ways throughout the play. Franz Kafka (the author of the original novel) took his inspiration for the characters from his own relationship between himself and his father. Unforgettable images of dislocation seem to represent both the madness of the modern world and his own desperate neurosis. Similarly, Berkoff wasnt very soused with his father. Practitioners like Bre cht and Artaud influenced his work- this is clearly visible in Metamorphosis as he took Artauds Theatre of Cruelty and gave it Brechts Epic Theatre attributes. Berkoffs own unique style created this play incorporating his personal passion of mime and the genre of expressionism. Acknowledging what I know about both Berkoff and Kafka, it is blatent that the Social, Cultural, Historic and Political aspects in cost of the two writers were their personal experiences of suppression from society, the culture they were brought up in (Kafka brought up in the a Jewish community and Berkoff brought up in the lower class and status he was born into by Russian Jews).Metamorphosis can be seen as a reaction against society and its demands. Gregors physical separation could represent his alienation and understandable desire. He was crushed by authority and routine and had been imprisoned by social and economic demands Just dont stay in bed being useless . . . It prevents the forthcoming rebellion of the son against the father. Gregor had become strong as a result of his fathers failure. He destroyed his fathers self-esteem and took over the fathers posts and duties indoors the family. After the catastrophe, the same sequence takes place in reverse son becomes weak, and father kills him.Gregor is shown as a symbol of anxiety and alienation who is a solitary character, isolated in his own mind from the community and true friendship (much like Kafka and Berkoff). Looking at where Gregors values were anchored servant to the needs of an dictatorial boss in order to meet the needs of a family that continuously exploits him. The metamorphosis was inevitable. Metamorphosis shows the views and attitudes of society. It isnt necessarily the one we live in today, but looking at it from a historical point of view it could have been representing the society in the nineteen hundreds (1915) when metamorphosis was first published. Kafka was born in Germany and could be referring to the ti me of the war, and how the Jewish communities were discriminated against.In A Dolls House, patriarchal ideals were supported and reinforced by a social structure in which women had very little political or economic power. They were economically, socially, and psychologically dependent upon men and especially dependent upon the institutions of marriage and motherhood. Motherhood within marriage was considered a womans highest possible achievement. It was a social responsibility, a duty to society, and therefore, a full-time job. Mothering was no longer something that came naturally, but was something that had to be learned. High infant death rate rates, particularly in urban areas, were solely blamed on mothers. Working class mothers were labeled neglectful, when in truth they struggled with both child care and feeding a family. The plot concerns the collapse of a middle class marriage. It sparked debates about womens rights and divorce. It was considered innovative and daring beca use of its focus on psychological tension instead of external action.It also created a new acting style that required emotion be conveyed through small, controlled gestures, shifts in action, and pauses and it was groundbreaking in that it caused drama to be viewed as social commentary and not just entertainment. For me, I think that these factors in both plays have different effects on me because in A Dolls House, the living situation is so much more common these days compared to the monstrosity it was back when it was written. I feel like I can however relate to Nora and how shes feeling because she is quite feministic like myself. I become quite confused when thinking about how Metamorphosis affects me because its obviously a very abstract play but I can empathise with Gregor and moreover Greta because she just wants to help her brother but the higher members of the family wont let her.

Physical Therapy Essay Example for Free

personal Therapy EssayThe major that I will be going into in the next four years is Physical Therapy. Physical Therapy is basically a health c be profession, that provides therapy for those who have been injured, have a physical disability or for those who are experiencing minor pains in their body. I chose to hold back into Physical Therapy for many different reasons. I first thought of being a Physical Therapist when I realized that I was a pass on type of person, meaning that I like to die hard while being active. I then discovered that a divide of Physical Therapists work for college and professional sport teams and that to me was very exciting considering I want to play in the NFL one day. For the past year I have been interested in becoming a Physical Therapist. Everyone that I have talked to about my decision on choosing this force field has been very supportive and has said that it is perfect for me. There are many different courses you must take to become a Physic al Therapist such as, Biology, health sciences, kinesiology and ATC.Hearing from past students that were involved in the Physical Therapy field, they have told me that it takes a lot of hard work to really advance in the field. A major assignment when youre entering the Physical Therapy field is learning the human body and a project that involves learning the human body is having to observe a diseased body. This project will benefit me in the field because it gives me a broad look on the way the human body is and looks inside.Being that you have to know the muscular system and the skeletal system, discover a body will let you take a deeper look into how the body looks and will teach you everything you need to know when youre working with a live person. Being a Physical Therapist has really advanced throughout the years and therapists have now been considered doctors. Being a doctor is a very difficult thing to do, having to get your masters and then your working for your doctorates degree requires a lot of time and a lot of work.Being a Physical Therapist depending on how sophisticated you get, can bring in a lot of money. Also it can open up a lot of job opportunities. Whether you choose to work for a team or work for an office, you can eventually open up your own business with the right take of education. Another positive thing about Being a Physical Therapist is that you know how to treat injured people, so god forbid someone in your family gets injured you can treat them without orrying about some other person making things worse. A negative part about being in this field is that it will take up a lot of your time either at school or when youre actually working. If youre getting involved with a professional team then you also have to consider the traveling part of the business, going from state to state every hebdomad during the season. Also it will require a lot of money to go far into your major.College will give me the resources and the knowledge th at I need to know in order to do well with patients. You must have a masters or doctorate degree to become a physical therapist. A youthful study has shown that about there was about 199,000 jobs in the US for being a Physical Therapist. Athletic Training is a career that is very standardized to Physical Therapy and both degrees can be used for each other. The average Physical Therapist gets paid about 78,000 dollars a year.

Starbucks Corporate Strategy Essay Example for Free

Starbucks Corporate Strategy EssayStarbucks Corporate Strategy Corporate Strategy fundamentally is concerned with the alternative of businesses in which the company should compete and with the development and coordination of that portfolio of business. 1 In the case of Starbucks the corporate strategy they have implemented is unique to their industry which has allowed them to differentiate from their competitors and is summarized best by Howard Schultz CEO of Starbucks, Were in the people business serving coffee,2 in high spirits quality specialty coffee and related products in a European cafe environment. It is clear Starbucks is in a offset strategy utilizing three key techniques that support its Mission, to inspire and nurture the human spirit one person, one shape and one neighbourhood at a time3. Vertical Integration Tying in with Starbucks Mission, the companies vertical integration with its supply chain from roasting its aver coffee in one of two of its plants to its involvement with developing and fostering strategic partnerships with local coffee farmers may be the most all-important(a) growth strategy the company focuses on.Quality and corporate social responsibility are the pillars of Starbucks vertical integration is the key component to insuring both of these fundamental characteristics of Starbucks are managed. diversification Starbucks has created related diversification into wholesale distribution by developing coffee based branded products with Pepsi-Cola and Dreyers Inc. that can be sold in food product stores. The company is also expanding into non-related industries by creating an entertainment division focusing on the music and movie industry.As Starbucks expands diversification will become as important as its vertical integration as it moves through the product lifecycle in the coffee industry. (See Appendix A) Horizontal Integration Starbucks has expanded with horizontal integration by acquiring Seattles Best Coffee and Torre azione Italia Coffee. With the increased competition and new entrants in the coffee industry horizontal integration may become a greater focus for Starbucks. Starbucks Business StrategyAt the business level, the strategic issues are less about the coordination of operating units and more about developing and sustaining a warring advantage4. In order to understand the Coffee Industrys competitive advantage the use of Porters five Competitive Forces Model should be utilized. (appendix b) Starbucks has gained its competitive advantage by the use of diversification. The company has focused, through vertical integration corporate strategy, on providing the highest quality coffee products in a sustainable dedicate that is highly identifiable by its customer base.The use of their innovative marketing design with their European Cafe feel and creative diversification with its products has allowed it to be assort as, the most dynamic retail brand conceived over the last two decades5 Starbu cks faces a high degree of rivalry and a medium degree of buyer power (appendix b). The coffee industry also retains many characteristics of having high Consumer Market Segmentation, which can be supported by the relatively large span in the price for a cup of coffee and the varying degree in which certain coffee chains are found in certain contingent geographic regions and outlets.Starbucks has found a way to incorporate a broad strategy attracting a broad consumer despite the high prices of its products6. This supports that their differentiation strategy is emotive and it is clear consumers can identify the high quality of their products and the overall experience of visiting one of their locations. With a high threat of new entrants (appendix b) and the presence of high Consumer Market Segmentation, Starbucks strong differentiation strategy will allow it to remain competitive in light of this high threat.

Advantages Of Bus Topology Computer Science Essay

Advantages Of Bus Topology Computer Science EssayA topographic anatomy is defined as the layout of the interlocking i.e. how the invitees are connected. This describes how the meshwork bodilyly looks or how the meshing is physically designed. The concept of a topographic anatomy is important because each mesh topology card is designed to work with a specific regional anatomy. Conversely, if your intercommunicate production line is already installed and you want to use existing wi yell, you must select your network cards ground on the preexisting physical analysis situs. Ideally, you can design your network from scratch. Then you can choose your topology, cabling, and network cards based on what surpass meets your needs.Physically, a bus topology uses a linear segment of cable to connect all network devices. Devices typically connect to the bus (the cable) through T-connectors. At each end of the bus are terminators. Each terminator absorbs the forecast when it reaches t he end of the cable. Without a terminator, a signal would bounce back and cause network errors.The physical bus topology uses a dianoetic bus to transmit data on the cable in both directions. In a uniform bus topology, only one transmission can occur at any given moment. Otherwise, two transmissions would collide and cause network errors. Termination ensures that the signal is removed from the cable when it reaches either end, preventing possible network errors.Fig. 4.1 Bus TopologyAdvantages of Bus Topology The benefits of a bus topology include the following1. This is little expensive topology because it requires less cable for networkingbecause using only one cable it is possible to connect many computers.2. It is an easy way to network a small number of computers.Disadvantages of Bus Topology The drawbacks of a bus topology include the following1. One break in cable cause accurate failure in network.2. It is very arduous to correct the errors because the cable is non relat ed to onlyone machine.3. On a medium-sized to large network, reconfiguration is more difficult than thecable Management of a star topology.Star TopologyThe star topology looks like a star. The hub is at the center of the star, and all devices attach to the hub via a cable. Logically, the physical star topology operates as a legitimate bus topology by sending the data signal to all customers at once. The hub at the center of the star works as a signal splitter, which means the signal is split and sent to all computers at the same time, with one exception-it is not sent back to the computer from which the signal sent. The signal is terminated at each network card, thereby preventing the signal from accidentally reente ringing the network. If this were to happen, data packets would travel the network endlessly-seriously slowing down network performance.Fig. 4.2 Star TopologyAdvantages of Star Topology The benefits of a star topology include the following1. A star topology is more faul t tolerant than other topologies, because a cablebreak does not bring down the entire network.2. Reconfiguring the network, or adding pommels, is easy because each nodeconnects to the primeval hub independent of other nodes.3. Isolating cable failures is easy because each node connects independently to thecentral hub.Disadvantages of Star Topology The disadvantages of a star topology are1. If the central hub fails, the entire network becomes unavailable.2. This topology is more expensive than others to install because of the additionalcable and equipment involved.Ring TopologyPhysically, the ring topology is shaped in a ring. Cables pass from computer to computer until the ring is complete. When data is transmitted, each workstation receives the signal and then passes it on when the workstation is done with the data. Other than Fiber Distributed selective information Interface (FDDI), no current networks use a physical ring topology, because a break in the ring makes the entire n etwork unavailable. Logically, a ring topology works by passing the signal, traditionally called a token, from one node to another until it reaches all the way around the ring. Token-passing schemes use the logical ring topology.Fig. 4.3 Ring TopologyAdvantages of Ring Topology A logical ring topology ensures access to the network without the risk of collisions, which can occur in logical star or bus topologies.Disadvantages of Ring Topology The drawbacks of a ring topology include the following1. If there is a break in the cable of a physical ring topology, the network becomesunavailable.2. Physical ring topologies are difficult to troubleshoot.3. Physical ring topologies are hard to reconfigure.4. There is limited represent for ring networks.5. The costs for a ring network are significantly higher(prenominal) than for star or bus.Tree TopologyAlso known as a pecking order network, The type of network topology in which a central root node (the top take of the hierarchy) is conne cted to one or more other nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy (i.e., the second level) with a point-to-point link between each of the second level nodes and the top level central root node,Fig. 4.4 Tree TopologyWhile each of the second level nodes that are connected to the top level central root node will also have one or more other nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy (i.e., the third level) connected to it, also with a point-to-point link, the top level central root node being the only node that has no other node above it in the hierarchy (The hierarchy of the tree is symmetrical.) Each node in the network having a specific fixed number, of nodes connected to it at the bordering lower level in the hierarchy, the number, being referred to as the branching factor of the hierarchical tree. This tree has individual peripheral nodes.1.) A network that is based upon the physical hierarchical topology must have at least three levels in the hierarchy of the tree, s ince a network with a central root node and only one hierarchical level below it would exhibit the physical topology of a star.2.) A network that is based upon the physical hierarchical topology and with a branching factor of 1 would be classified as a physical linear topology.3.) The branching factor, f, is independent of the total number of nodes in the network and, therefore, if the nodes in the network require ports for connection to other nodes the total number of ports per node may be unbroken low even though the total number of nodes is large this makes the effect of the cost of adding ports to each node totally dependent upon the branching factor and may therefore be kept as low as required without any effect upon the total number of nodes that are possible.4.) The total number of point-to-point links in a network that is based upon the physical hierarchical topology will be one less than the total number of nodes in the network.5.) If the nodes in a network that is based upon the physical hierarchical topology are required to perform any processing upon the data that is transmitted between nodes in the network, the nodes that are at higher levels in the hierarchy will be required to perform more processing operations on behalf of other nodes than the nodes that are lower in the hierarchy. such a type of network topology is very useful and highly recommendedMesh TopologyMeshThe value of fully meshed networks is proportional to the great power of the number of subscribers, assuming that communicating groups of any two endpoints, up to and including all the endpoints, is approximated by Reeds Law.Fig. 4.5.1 Fully connected mesh topologyThe number of connections in a full mesh = n(n 1) / 2Fully connectedNote The physical fully connected mesh topology is generally too costly and hard for practical networks, although the topology is used when there are only a small number of nodes to be interconnected.Fig. 4.5.2 part connected mesh topologyPartially connectedThe type of network topology in which some of the nodes of the network are connected to more than one other node in the network with a point-to-point link this makes it possible to take advantage of some of the redundancy that is provided by a physical fully connected mesh topology without the disbursal and complexity required for a connection between every node in the network.In most practical networks that are based upon the physical partially connected mesh topology, all of the data that is transmitted between nodes in the network takes the shortest path (or an approximation of the shortest path) between nodes, except in the case of a failure or break in one of the links, in which case the data takes an alternative path to the destination. This requires that the nodes of the network possess some type of logical routing algorithm to determine the correct path to use at any particular time.

Analysing the Payback Period when making an investment

Analysing the Payback Period when making an enthronisationPayback Period is the length of time necessary before the total of the currency inf emits veritable from the endure is equal to the master copy immediate payment outlay i.e. the length of time the investment coachs to return its sign crown. In yet another definition, it is the ratio of initial fixed investment over annual elucidate notes flows. The decision criterion is that if the retribution catamenia is less than some minimal accepted payback period that is set as a threshold, the proposal is accepted. If the period is more than the cut-off period, the project is rejected. For ranking decisions, projects with shorter payback periods get preference over those that take longer. The side by side(p) is the formula for calculating the payback periodPayback period = division before full recovery + Unrecovered cost at start of the yearOf the original investment Total cash flow in yearThe payback criterion is a rou gh measure of risk. It reflects the liquidity of a project and because the more liquid the project the higher the chance of recovering the initial investment. A project with short payback period but with a low rate of return is preferred over projects with long payback period and high rate of return reason being that the firm may be in need of quick returns of its invested cash. This is the reason behind its preference by firms with liquidity problems.Payback period is the investment appraisal method of choice for firms that bring out products that are prone to obsolescence. Since these products last for only a year or two eld, their payback period must be short for the firm to eat recouped its initial capital. It is therefore preferred in situations when time is of relatively high importance.The method is easy to understand and the calculation involves simplified steps. It only considers the top cash flows and cumulating them to determine when they equal the cost of the projec t. It automatically adjusts for the uncertainty of later cash flows by ignoring them. the main interest is only the initial capital and the time interpreted to that point hence cash flows generated after the payback period arent considered.In spite of the above advantages, payback period has some drawbacks. The method fails to consider the cash flows after the payback period and consequently not ideal viable for measuring the actual profitability of a project. It also does not take into depict the magnitude or timing of recoveries during the payback period and considers the recovery period as a whole. This is particularly bad since most investments tend to pick up demoralize cash flows in earlier days and higher cash flows as the project matures.The payback period ignores the time value of money. This implies that it ignores financing costs of investments. sequence value of money is essential in considering the productivity of a project because it considers present cash flows a s equal to future(a) ones. The method ignores the scale of investment and recommends an arbitrary cut-off point. There is no objectivity in establishing cut-off points across different firms frankincense bringing inconsistency. This is not to add that quick payback does not needs mean good investment.The method discriminates against long-term projects such as research and development and new product development. These types of projects normally require huge initial outlays and take long to give returns and yet they are so critical to any firm interested in enhancing its competitiveness in the industry. In addition, it does not have an inherent mechanism to highlight differences in investments useful life. Such differences are very essential and relying on payback can lead to incorrect decisions. disdain the disadvantages of the payback method, it is widely used in practice though often only as a supplement to more sophisticated methods. It is favored because of its ease and most investors take it as the conventional one.Net Present ValueNet Present Value (NPV) is the difference between the value of an investment and its cost. It represents the economical worth of the project in terms of todays dollar. A zero NPV means that the project cash flows are enough to repay the invested funds and provide the required rate of return on such capital. For positive NPV projects, excess cash accrues to shareholders and therefore their position is improved. Positive NPV projects result in an increase in the food market price of ordinary shares while negative NPV projects cause erosion of shareholders wealthiness. It is calculated asPresent value of future net cash flows (PV) Initial investment (Io).The decision a criterion is that if the sum of these discounted cash flows is equal or greater than zero the project is accepted. Otherwise, the project is not accepted. In the case of mutually exclusive projects, the project with the highest NPV if it is positive gets ac ceptance. That way, the shareholders wealth is boosted to a maximum.AdvantagesThe method uses the relevant cost approach by concentrating only on incremental cash flows. It measures the shortfalls or excess of cash flows and assumes that the cash flows obtained are reinvested is at the present rate of return. This is more appropriate in conditions of capital rationing. The result represents increase to a shareholders wealth expressed in present-day terms.The method considers the time value of money. This is important because cash flows obtained today are not the same as those obtained five years from now. This is because the method considers the time value of money and the relevant cash flows uses the cost of capital of the company as a discounting factor. Additionally, it considers cash flows for the entire project life. It is thus more comprehensive and reliable in appraising long-term projects.However, the results and procedures involved in calculating NPV arent easily understood by nonprofessionals. The cost of capital is laborious to calculate especially due to the effect of inflation and the fact that some industries lack sufficient data to base their calculations. The method requires a detailed long-term forecast of a projects cash flows, which is a very subjective exercise.Twice limited should consider using NPV in their appraisal because as compared to other capital appraisals, it expresses in absolute terms the expected economic contribution of the project. Its results shows the present worth in future cash flows after discounting them with the firms cost of capital.Assessing the five projects beneath the payback period, the five proposals for the new holiday are as follows.Climb projectThe initial investment is 1,760,000Year Net cash flows Cumulative cash flows2011 1,040,000.00 1,040,000.002012 780,000.00 1,820,000.002013 520,000.00 2,340,000.00Payback period = 1+ (1,760,000-1,040,000)/780,000= 1.92 yearsPaddle projectInitial investment is 1,640, 000Year Net cash flows Cumulative cash flows2011 770,000.00 770,000.002012 770,000.00 1,540,000.002013 770,000.00 2,310,000.00Payback period = 2+ (1,640,000-1,540,000)/770,000= 2.13 yearsRappel projectInitial investment is 1,130,000Year Net cash flows Cumulative cash flows2011 740,000.00 740,000.002012 240,000.00 980,000.002013 590,000.00 1,570,000.00Payback period = 2+ (1,130,000-980,000)/590,000= 2.25 yearsSwim projectInitial investment is 1,030,000Year Net cash flows Cumulative cash flows2011 480,000.00 480,000.002012 480,000.00 960,000.002013 480,000.00 1,440,000.00Payback period = 2+ (1,030,000-960,000)/480,000= 2.15 years blow projectInitial investment is 280,000Year Net cash flows Cumulative cash flows2011 100,000.00 100,000.002012 130,000.00 230,000.002013 100,000.00 330,000.00Payback period = 2+ (280,000-230,000)/100,000= 2.5 yearsThe summary of projects payback periods is as follows. go steady Number of yearsClimb 1.92Paddle 2.13Rappel 2.25Swim 2.15Float 2.50Ba sed on the ranking decisions, Twice limited should accept and implement totter holiday project. It has the shortest payback period and this means that the project will recover its initial cost within 1 year and 11 months.Under NPV, the projects net cash flows use the cost of capital as a discounting factor within the period of three years. The general calculation of NPV is Present value of future net cash flows (PV) Initial investment (Io). The following are NPV of the proposalsClimb projectYear 2011 2012 2013Net cash flows 1,040,000.00 780,000.00 520,000.00PVIF8%, 3 0.9259 0.8573 0.7938PV 962,962.96 668,724.28 412,792.77NPV = 962,962.96 + 668,724.28 + 412,792.77 1,760,000= 284,480.01Paddle projectYear 2011 2012 2013Net cash flows 770,000.00 770,000.00 770,000.00PVIF8%, 3 0.9259 0.8573 0.7938PV 712,962.96 660,150.89 611,250.82NPV = 712,962.96 + 660,150.89 + 611,250.83 1,640,000= 344,364.68Rappel projectYear 2011 2012 2013Net cash flows 740,000.00 240,000.00 590,000.00PVI F8%, 3 0.9259 0.8573 0.7938PV 685,185.18 205,761.31 468,361.02NPV = 685,185.19 + 205,761.32 + 468,361.02 1,130,000= 229,307.52Swim projectYear 2011 2012 2013Net cash flows 480,000.00 480,000.00 480,000.00PVIF8%,3 0.9259 0.8573 0.7938PV 444444.44 411522.63 381039.47NPV = 444,444.44 + 411,522.63 + 381,039.47- 1,030,000= 207,006.55Float projectYear 2011 2012 2013Net cash flows 100,000.00 130,000.00 100,000.00PVIF8%, 3 0.9259 0.8573 0.7938PV 92592.59 111454.04 79383.22NPV = 92,592.59 +11,454.04 + 79,383.22= 3,429.86Twice limited should accept Paddle holiday project because it ranks the highest NPV of 344,364.68. This indicates that after proper analysis of the net cash inflow, paddle project would generate over the three the above value and shareholder wealth will be improved. According to the payback period, rise project has the shortest recovery period and if the company was only using it for capital appraisal, the Twice limited could accept. NPV is more realistic because it considers time value of money as it discounts the net cash flows. The result shows the present value of a particular project in present-day using future cash flows. NPV method is regarded as superior in terms of project appraisal and Twice limited have to accept paddle project and discard climb project as proposed by payback period.